货币需求和货币供应(A-level 经济：总需求和供应、宏观经济目标以及政策措施 复习清单)

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate supply and the determinants

总需求和总供给及其决定因素

Define aggregate demand, describe the components of aggregate demand and explain what determines each of them

定义总需求，描述总需求的组成部分，并解释每个组成部分的决定因素

Recognise that aggregate demand and the price level are related

认识到总需求和价格水平是相关的

Explain why the aggregate demand curve may shift

解释为什么总需求曲线会发生变化

Define aggregate supply and explain why the aggregate supply curve may shift

定义总供给，解释为什么总供给曲线可能会移动

Define what is meant by equilibrium in the macro-economy, explain how it is determined and why it may change

定义宏观经济中的均衡是什么意思，解释它是如何被确定的，以及为什么它可能发生变化

Understand what is meant by circular flow of income

理解收入的循环流动是什么意思

Show a general awareness of the multiplier effect and the concepts of leakages and injections

表现出对乘数效应以及漏损和注入概念的一般认识

Discuss how changes in aggregate demand and aggregate supply may affect output, unemployment and inflation

讨论总需求和总供给的变化会如何影响产出、失业和通货膨胀

Government economic policy objectives and indicators of national economic performance

政府经济政策目标和国民经济绩效指标

Define: economic growth, unemployment, inflation, the balance of payments, income redistribution and economic stability

定义：经济增长、失业、通货膨胀、国际收支、收入再分配和经济稳定

Show an awareness of trends in: economic growth, unemployment, inflation and the current account of the balance of payments

对经济增长、失业、通货膨胀和国际收支经常项目的趋势有所了解

Understand the objectives of government economic policy in terms of: economic growth, employment/unemployment, inflation, balance of payments, economic stability and income distribution

理解政府经济政策在以下方面的目标：经济增长、就业/失业、通货膨胀、国际收支、经济稳定和收入分配

Define GDP and real GDP

定义国内生产总值和实际国内生产总值

Explain how economic growth, unemployment and inflation are measured in the UK

解释英国的经济增长、失业和通货膨胀是如何衡量的

Discuss the difficulties of their measurement

讨论其测量的困难

Outline the structure of the current account of the balance of payments accounts of the UK economy

概述英国经济的国际收支账户的经常账户的结构

Explain the causes of: economic growth, unemployment, inflation, and a deficit or surplus on the current account of the balance of payments

解释经济增长、失业、通货膨胀以及国际收支经常账户赤字或盈余的原因

Discuss the consequences of: unemployment, inflation, and a deficit or surplus on the current account of the balance of payments

讨论失业、通货膨胀和国际收支经常账户赤字或盈余的后果

Discuss the costs, benefits and sustainability of economic growth

讨论经济增长的成本、效益和可持续性

Outline how exchange rates are determined by the demand and supply of currencies

概述汇率是如何由货币的需求和供应决定的

Recognise that a fall in the exchange rate will lower export prices and raise import prices and aggregate demand (and vice versa)

认识到汇率下降会降低出口价格，提高进口价格和总需求（反之亦然）。

Explain how changes in the exchange rate may affect the macro-economy

解释汇率的变化会如何影响宏观经济

The application of macroeconomic policy instruments and the international economy

宏观经济政策工具的应用和国际经济

Define policies: fiscal, monetary and supply side

界定政策：财政、货币和供应方

Discuss, using the AD and AS model, the ways in which fiscal, monetary and supply side policies can affect: unemployment, inflation, economic growth, the current account position of the balance of payments;

使用AD和AS模型，讨论财政、货币和供应方政策如何影响：失业、通货膨胀、经济增长、国际收支的经常账户状况。

Discuss how effective fiscal, monetary and supply-side policies are in achieving the government’s macroeconomic objectives

讨论财政、货币和供应方政策在实现政府的宏观经济目标方面的效果如何

Discuss the reasons for, and consequences of possible conflicts between policy objectives

Show an awareness of the changes in the UK’s pattern of international trade since 2000

讨论政策目标之间可能发生冲突的原因和后果

表明对2000年以来英国国际贸易模式变化的认识

Explain advantages that may be gained from international trade

解释可能从国际贸易中获得的好处

Explain tariff and non tariff methods of protection

解释关税和非关税的保护方法